Tuesday, May 26, 2009

SSC I Mathematics MCQ's

SSC I MCQ’s
Preparied By Sir. Imran
SS Teacher at APS & C Zamzama(Nowshera)



CHAPTER NO 1
SETS

1: The objects involved in a set are called its:
a. Operations b. Powers
c. Entries d. Elements

2: The presence of an element in a set is denoted by the symbol:
a. b.
c. U d. ∩
3. Elements which do not belong to a set are denoted by:
a. b. c. U d. ∩
4: How many methods are there to present a set?
a. Four b. Three
c. Two d. None of these
5: If there is no element present in a set it is called a (an):
a. Empty b. Singleton set
c. Even number set d. None of these
6: Null or empty set is denoted by:
a. {Φ} b. { } or Φ
c. {a} d. None of these
7: Set {1, 2, 3…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Natural numbers
c. Prime numbers d. Even numbers
8: If the number of elements in a set is finite, it is called:
a. Finite set b. Infinite set
c. Equal set d. None of these
9: If A and B are two sets and every elements of set A is also an element of set B, then A is called:
a. Identity element of B b. Inverse of set B
c. Subset of set B d. Complement of set B
10: If the number of elements in a set is not a finite, it is called:
a. Finite set b. Infinite set
c. Equal set d. None of these
11: If set A is a subset of set B, then it is denoted by:
a. B A b. A A
c. A B d. B < B
12: If set A is not a subset of set B, then it is denoted by:
a. A B b. A < A
c. A A d. A B
13: Empty set is a proper subset of every:
a. Non-empty set b. Empty set
c. Union d. None of these
14: Every set is a subset of itself but not:
a. Proper subset b. Universal set
c. Complement set d. None of these
15: Every set is an improper subset of:
a. Every other set b. Itself
c. Universal set d. None of these
16: There is only one proper subset of a:
a. Singleton set b. Empty set
c. Set having two elements d. None of these
17: There is no proper subset of a:
a. Singleton set b. Empty set
c. Intersection of sets d. None of these
18: If A is any set, then a set consisting of all the subsets of the set A is called:
a. Proper subset of A b. Improper subset of A
c. Power set of A d. None of these
19: power set of A is denoted by:
a. A (P) b. P (A)
c. P (B) d. P (A + B)
20: If a set has 3 elements, then no. of elements in the power set are:
a. 16 b. 8
c. 4 d. 1
21: If a set A has 4 elements, then no. of elements in P(A) is :
a. 16 b. 8
c. 2 d. 1
22: Difference of two sets A and B given by:
a. A ∩B b. A U B
c. (A ∩B)c d. A - B
23: Difference of two sets A and B is a set consisting of those elements which are in set A but not in:
a. Ac b. A
c. Bc d. B
24: If A B, then A – B=
a. A b. B
c. A ∩B d. Φ
25: If A U , then U – A is called:
a. Union of sets b. Intersection of sets
c. Universal set d. None of these
26: If Ac is the complement of set A, then A U Ac :
a. A b. Ac
c U d. None of these
27: A ∩ Ac =
a. A b. Ac
c {Φ} d. { }
28: complement of an empty set is:
a. Empty set b. Universal set
c A d. Ac
29: Set {0, 1, 2, 3…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Natural numbers
c. Prime numbers d. Even numbers
30: Set {0, ±1, ±2, ±3…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Natural numbers
c. Prime numbers d. Integers
31: Set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Natural numbers
c. Prime numbers d. Integers
32: Set {±1, ±3, ±5…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Natural numbers
c. Prime numbers d. Odd numbers
33: Set {0, ±2, ±4…} is called a set of:
a. Whole numbers b. Prime numbers
c. Integers d. Even numbers
34: Set of irrational numbers is denoted by:
a. O b. Q
c. Q/ d. R
35: The set of first five natural in set builder notation is written as:
a. {x x N x 5} b. {x x N x 5}
c. {x x W x 5} d. {x x P x 5}
36: The set builder notation of set {2,3,5,7,11} is :
a. {x x P 2 x 11} b. {x x P 2 x 11}
c. {x x O 2 x 11} d. None of these
37: Set of rational numbers in set builder notation is written as:
a. {x x ,q 0, p, q z} b. {x x , q 0, p, q z}
c. {x x , q = 0, p, q z}d. None of these
38: Set of irrational numbers in set builder notation is written as:
a. {x x , q 0, p, q z} b. {x x , q 0, p, q z}
c. {x x , q = 0, p, q z} d. None of these
39: If A and B are the subsets of a universal set U, then (AUB)c =
a. Ac U Bc b. Ac
c. Bc d. Ac ∩ Bc
40: If A and Bare the subsets of a universal set U, then (A∩B)c =
a. Ac U Bc b. Ac
c. Bc d. Ac ∩ Bc
41: (A U B) U C =
a. (A U B) ∩C b. (A ∩ B) UC
c. (A ∩ B) ∩C d. A U (B U C)
42: A∩(B ∩ C) =
a. (A ∩ B) UC b. (A ∩ B) ∩C
c. (A U B) ∩C d. (A U B) U C
43: If A, B and C are disjoint sets then (A∩B)∩C =
a. A b. B
c. C d. Φ
44: In the ordered pair (x, y) are two different numbers, then (x, y) ≠ ( ):
a. x2 , y2 b. y , x
c. y2, x2 d. None of these
45: (1, 2) and (2,1) are two:
a. Same pairs b. Different pairs
c. Sets d. None of these
46: (x, y) and (a, b) are two:
a. Same pairs b. Different pairs
c. Sets d. None of these
47: (a, b) and (a, b) are two:
a. Same pairs b. Different pairs
c. Sets d. None of these
48: Cartesian product of sets A and B is denoted by:
a. A B b. A A
c. B A d. B B
49: Set builder notation of A B is as:
a. {(a, b) a A b B} b. {(a, b) a B b A}
c. {(A, b) a A b B} d. {(a, b) b A b B}
50: If A ≠ B, then A B ≠
a. B A b. A B
c. none of these d. both (a) and (b)
51: If number of elements in set A is 2 and in set B is 3, then no. of elements in set A B is:
a. p q b. p p
c. q q d. None of these
52: If A = {1, -1} and B = {0, 2}, then the number of elements in A B or B A is:
a. 4 b. 6
c. 8 d. 10
53: The point where XX/ and YY/ cut each other perpendicularly is called:
a. Tangent b. Line
c. Origin O(0,0) d. None of these
54: Horizontal line XX/ is called:
a. Vertical line b. x-axis
c. y-axis d. None of these
55: Vertical line YY/ is called:
a. Vertical line b. x-axis
c. y-axis d. None of these
56: In the ordered pair p(a , b) “a” is called:
a. Ordinate b. Abscissa
c. Pain d. None of these
57: In the ordered pair p(a , b) “b” is called:
a. Ordinate b. Abscissa
c. Pain d. None of these
58: Both axes divide the plane into:
a. two parts b. Four parts
c. Six parts d. Eight parts
59: Every part of the plane is called:
a. Half plane b. Quadrant
c. Ordinate d. Abscissa

60: In first quadrant,
a. x >0, y>0 b. x <0,y>0
c. x >0, y<0 d. x <0, y<0
61: In second quadrant,
a. x >0, y>0 b. x <0,y>0
c. x >0, y<0 d. x <0, y<0
62: In third quadrant,
a. x >0, y>0 b. x <0,y>0
c. x >0, y<0 d. x <0, y<0
63: In forth quadrant,
a. x >0, y>0 b. x <0,y>0
c. x >0, y<0 d. x <0, y<0
64: The point (2, 3) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
65: The point (-2, 3) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
66: The point (-2, -3) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
67: The point (2, -3) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
68: Binary relations of A B and B A are:
a. Same b. Different
c. Not possible d. None of these
69: If A = {1},B = {a , b}then A B=
a. {(1, a), (1, 1)} b. {(1, a), (1, b)}
c. {(a, 1), (b, 1)} d. {(a, 1), (b, a)}
70: If A ={1}, B = {a , b}then no. of binary relations in A B are :
a. 4 b. 8
c. 3 d. 1
71: The point (a, b) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
72: The point (-a, b) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
73: The point (-a,-b) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
74: The point (a,-b) lies in quadrant:
a. Ist b. 2nd
c. 3rd d. 4th
75: Domain of R = {(1, -1), (2, -1), (2, 3)} is:
a. {1, -1} b. {-1, 1}
c. {1, 2} d. {1, -3}

76: Domain of R = {(1, 2),(2, 3),(0, 4)} is:
a. {1, 3, 4} b. {1, 2, 3}
c. {1, 2, 0} d. {2, 3, 4}
77: Range of R = {(1, -1),(2, -1),(2, -3)} is:
a. {1, -1} b. {-1, 1}
c. {1, 2} d. {-1, -3}
78: Range of R = {(1, 2),(2, 3),(0, 4)} is:
a. {1, 3, 4} b. {1, 2, 3}
c. {1, 2, 0} d. {2, 3, 4}
79: If range (f) =B, and f is such a function from set A to set B if:
a. Onto Function b. Into Function
c. Bijective Function d. None of these
80: Binary relation f = {(1, x), (2, 3)}
a. Onto Function b. Into Function
c. One-to-One Function d. None of these
81: f is called one-to-one onto or bijective function if:
a. f is onto function b. f is into function
c. f is one-to-one function d. both (a) and (c)
82: For any two sets A and B, A∩B=
a. BUA b. A∩B
c. B∩A d. AUA
83: For any two sets A and B, AUB=
a. BUA b. A∩B
c. B∩A d. AUA
84: If A U, then A∩Ac =
a. Φ b. U
c. A d. Ac
85: The complement of { } is:
a. Empty set b. Universal set
c. Finite set d. Infinite set
86: If A and B are any two sets with no common element in them, then A∩B is:
a. { } b. Empty set
c. Φ d. All of these
87: (A∩B)c =
a. AcUBc b. Ac∩Bc
c. A∩B d. BcUAc
88: (AUB)c =
a. AcUBc b. Ac∩Bc
c. A∩B d. BcUAc
89: A U (B∩A) =
a. (AUB) ∩ (AUC) b. (A∩B) ∩ (A∩C)
c. (AUB) U (A∩C) d. (AUB) U (AUC)
90: If no. of elements in set A is 3 and in set B is 2, then no. of elements in A B is:
a. 8 b. 4
c. 12 d. 6
91: If A = {x, y} B = {a, b, c} then a binary relation f = {(x, a), (x, b), (x, c)} is……function.
a. Onto b. Into
c. One-to-One d. Not


92: Since A B ≠ B A, so binary relations of A B and B A are………..
a. Equal b. Same
c. Not possible d. Different
93: First three natural numbers set is:
a. {0, 1, 2} b. {±1, ±2, ±3}
c. {1, 2, 3} d. both (b) and (c)
94: If A∩B=Φ, then A and B are called:
a. Joint set b. Equal set
c. Disjoint set d. Unequal set
95: If A = {+, } and B = {-, } So A∩B is:
a. { } b. {+, - , , }
c. Φ d. (a) and (c) both
96: If A ∩ B ≠ Φ, then the set is called_________________:
a. Overlapping set b. Singleton set
c. Disjoint set d. Null set
97: If the number of elements in a set x is n, the number of elements in P(x) is _________:
a. 2n b. 22n
c. 2n d. n2
98: If (2, 6) = (x + 1, y +3) then the value of y is__________________:
a. 1 b. 2
c. 3 d. 9
99: If F:A B such that F = B, then F is called a function from A B
a. Into b. Onto
c. (1- 1) d. None of these
100: A B = B A if and only if_____________:
a. A = B b. A > B
c. A < B d. A ≠ B



CHAPTER NO 2
SYSTEM OF REAL NUMBERS
1: Which of the following sets have closure property w.r.t. addition?
b. A set of odd number b. A set of natural number
c. A set of prime number d. All of these
2: a + b = b + a, shows
a. Commutative property w.r.t. addition
b. Associative property w.r.t. addition
c. Distributive property of multiplication over addition
d. None of these
3: a a-1 = a-1 a = 1, shows
a. Distributive property of multiplication
b. Associative property of multiplication
c. Multiplicative inverse
d.. Multiplicative identity
4: Additive inverse of is
a. b. -
c. d. -
5: “O’’ is called
a. Additive inverse b. Additive identity
c. Multiplicative inverse d. Multiplicative identity
6: is equal to:
a. x2 b.
c. x3 d. x-3
7: a. 4 b.
c. t2 d. t-2
8: The value of is:
a. b. 4
c. - d. -4
9: (-2 4)2 =_____________
a. 64 b. -64
c. -16 d. 16
10: The power of a negative number is positive if its exponent is______________
a. Positive b. Even number
c. Odd number d. None of these
11: =______________
a. 2-3 b. 23
c. 2-12 d. 212
12: (7- ) (7+ ) =_________________
a. 49 b. 47
c. 9 d. 5
13: If x = - 1 then x2 =_______________
a. b. + 1
c. 1 d. 3 - 2
14: In the notation is called______________
a. Radicand b. Index
c. Radical d. None of these
15: If a > b -a__________ -b
a. > b. <
c. d. ≤

16: (-x)2(-x)3(-x)4 =__________
a. (-x)9 b. (x)9
c. (-x)24 d. None of these
17: =_____________
a. b.
c. d. None of these
18. Multiplicative inverse of is___________
a. 2 b. -1
c. d. 1
19: If x = 0 then =_____________
a. 0 b. 1
c. d.
20: 13 (13)0 is equal to
a. 169 b. 1
c. 0 d. 13
21: There exists a closure property w.rt.____________ in {0, 1}
a. Addition b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication d. Division
22: If x = + 2, then x + =_______________________
a. 2 - b. 4
c. -2 d. None of these
23. Multiplicative inverse of “zero” is___________
a. 1 b. Does not exist
c. 0 d. None of these
24: The only even prime number is
a. 0 b. 4
c. 2 d. 6
25: The set {-1, -2, -3…} is closed with respect to
a. Addition b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication d. Division
26: {(2 - )0}2 is equal to
a. 1 b. 0
c. 2 + d. 2 -
27: -3 is a number:
a. Rational b. Irrational
c. Imaginary d. None of these
28: is not a number:
a. Rational b. Irrational
c. Imaginary d. None of these

29: 0.1555……, is a decimal fraction:
a. Recurring b. Terminating
c. Non- recurring d. None of these
30: 0.101001000…. is decimal fraction:
a. Rational b. Terminating
c. Non- terminating d. None of these
31: 2.012 is a decimal fraction:
a. Recurring b. Terminating
c. Non- recurring d. Non- recurring non-terminating
32: The intersection of sets Q and Q/ is:
a. set R b. Empty set
c. set Q d. set Q/
33: The union of sets Q and Q/ is:
a. set R b. Empty set
c. set Q d. set Q/
34: The number is a numbers:
a. Rational b. Irrational
c. Imaginary d. None of these
35: For all a, b R, a + b R this is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Additive identity
36: For all a, b R, a + b R this is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Additive identity
37: For all a, b, c R: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Additive identity
38: There exists 0 R such that for all x R, x + 0 = 0 + x = x, is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Additive identity
39: For all a, b R, ab R this is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Multiplicative identity
40: For all a, b, c R: (ab) c = a (bc), is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t multiplication
b. Commutative property w.r.t multiplication
c. Associative property w.r.t multiplication
d. Multiplicative identity
41: For all a R, a 1 = a = 1 a the number “1” is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t multiplication
b. Commutative property w.r.t multiplication
c. Associative property w.r.t multiplication
d. Multiplicative identity
42: For all a, b, c R: (a + b) c = ac + bc , is called:
a. Closure property w.r.t addition
b. Commutative property w.r.t addition
c. Associative property w.r.t addition
d. Distributive property of multiplication over addition
43: x R, x = x this is called:
a. Reflexive property b. Symmetric property
c. Transitive property d. Additive property
44: x, y R, x = y y = x this is called:
a. Reflexive property b. Symmetric property
c. Transitive property d. Additive property
45: x, y, z R, x = y and y = z x = z this is called:
a. Reflexive property b. Symmetric property
c. Transitive property d. Additive property
46: x, y, z R, x = y x +z = y + z this is called:
a. Reflexive property b. Symmetric property
c. Transitive property d. Additive property
47: An expression which involves at least one irrational number is called:
a. Surd b. Polynomial
c. Inequality d. Equality
48: is a:
a. Rational number b. Imaginary number
c. Surd d. None of these
49: 3 + is a:
a. Binomial surd b. Rational number
c. Trinomial d. None of these
50: Simplified form of is:
a. 4 b. 64
c. 125 d. 98
51: If 5 > 3 -10__________ -6
a. > b. <
c. d. ≤
52: Product of (7- ) and (7+ ) is:
a. Irrational number b. Rational number
c. Surd of 7th and 2th order d. None of these


CHAPTER NO 3
LOGRITHMS
1: 3log – 2log3 in simplified is
a. log b. log
c. 2log6 d. log36
2: Characteristic of log 0.00421 is
a. -3 b. -2
c. 3 d. 4
3: The standard form of 2.35 10-2 is
a. 500 b. 0.0235
c. 700 d. 1000
4: x = then x =________________
a. 27 b.
c. d.

5: log5 + log8 –log3 =
a. 5log b. 3log40 c. log d. 3log
6: log 10 =____________________
a. 0 b. 1
c. 10 d. 2
7: Common logarithm has the base_______________________
a. 2 b. e
c. d. 10
8: Find the value of x if log x 216 =3
a. 216 b. 3
c. 6 d. x216
9: Logarithmic form of 54 = 625 is
a. log5625 =4 b. log45 =625
c. log54 =625 d. log4625 =5
10: Natural logarithm has the base_______________________
a. 2 b. e
c. d. 10
11: Characteristic of log 9925.4 is:
a. 1 b. 3
c. 2 d. -1
12: The standard form of 9.3518 102 is :
a. 0.093518 b. 0.0093518
c. 93518 d. 935.18
13: Speed of light is:
a. 3 1010 cm/hour b. 3 1010 cm/sec
c. 3 1010 km/sec d. None of these
14: 30000000000 cm/second in scientific notations:
a. 3 10-8 m/sec b. 3 108 m/sec
c. 10 38 m/sec d. 1 38 m/sec
15: Who is the pioneer of logarithms?
a. Johan Napier b. Briggs
c. Al-khwarizmi d. None of these
16: Value of “e”, the base fixed by Johan Napier was:
a. 2.71828 b. 1.7183
c. 0.7183 d. 0.07183
17: The logarithms to the base “e” are called:
a. Briggs or common logarithms
b. Natural or Naperian logarithms
c. Equivalent statements
d. None of these
18: The logarithms to the base “10” are called:
a. Briggs or common logarithms
b. Natural or Naperian logarithms
c. Equivalent statements
d. None of these


19: The logarithmic value of the number between 10 and 100 is between:
a. 0 and 1 b. 1 and 2
c. 2 and 3 d. 3 and 4
20: The logarithmic value of a number consists of:
a. only one b. two parts
c. three parts d. None of these
21: Characteristic is always:
a. Negative b. Positive
c. both (a) and (b) d. None of these
22: Mantissa is always:
a. Negative b. Positive
c. both (a) and (b) d. None of these
23: The integral part of the logarithm of any number is called:
a. Mantissa b. Characteristic
c. both (a) and (b) d. None of these
24: The fractional part of the logarithm of any number is called:
a. Mantissa b. Characteristic
c. both (a) and (b) d. None of these
25: Reference position is represented by the symbol:
a. “^” b.
c. = d. ≠
26: Mantissa of log x = 0.5019 is:
a. 0.5019 b. 2
c. -2 d. 4
27: If log x = 2 then the value of x is:
a. 10 b. 1
c. 100 d. 0.10
28: If log x = 3.1923, then characteristic of log x is:
a. 1 b. 3
c. 3.1 d. 10.1923
29: Mantissa of log x is_______________ if log x = 2.5321.
a. 0.5321 b. -0.5321
c. 2 d. -2
30: If log x = -2.3781, then, mantissa is:
a. 2 b. -2
c. 0.3781 d. -0.3781

31: Expressing numbers (large or small) as powers of 10 is called:
a. Scientific notation b. Standard notation
c. Logarithmic notation d. None of these
32: Who wrote the first book on Algebra?
a. Johan Napier
b. Briggs
c. Abu-Muhammad Musa Al-Khourarizmi
d. None of these
33: Name of first book on Algebra was:
a. Basic Algebra
b. Aljabar-wal-maqabla
c. Collage Algebra
d. Algebra and Trigonometry
34: Decimal number system is based on:
a. Base 10 b. Base e
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these
CHAPTER NO 4
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
1: If x + y = 2 and xy = 3, then the value of x2 + y2 =_______________
a. 4 b. -2
c. -4 d. 2
2: ________ will be added to complete the square of x2 + 4xy
a. 4x2 b. 2y2
c. (2y)2 d. 4y

3: (2-4)3 = _________________
a. 2-12 b. 2-4
c 23 d. 212
4: (7 - ) (7 + ) =_________
a. 48 b. 36
c. 25 d. 47
5: 4x3y2 + 3 is a polynomial of degree ______________
a. 2 b. 5
c. 0 d. 3
6: A variable is symbol which represents the elements of:
a. Empty set b. Non-empty set
c. None of these d. All of these
7: In 2x = 3 what is variable?
a. 2 b. 3
c. d. x
8: In 3x2 what is variable?
a. 2 b. 3
c. x d. 6
9: No. of variables in 6x2y3 are:
a. 3 b. 2
c. 1 d. None of these
10: A constant polynomial has degree:
a. 0 b. 1
c. 2 d. 3
11: 2x3 + 5y2 + is:
a. Polynomial of degree 2 b. Not a polynomial
c. Trinomial d. None of these
12: If a polynomial has only one term, it is called:
a. Monomial b. Binomial
c. Trinomial d. None of these
13: If a polynomial has only two terms, it is called:
a. Monomial b. Binomial
c. Trinomial d. None of these
14: If a polynomial has only three terms, it is called:
a. Monomial b. Binomial
c. Trinomial d. None of these
15: x2 + 3x + 2 is a:
a. Monomial b. Binomial
c. Trinomial d. None of these
16: Degree of monomial 5x3yz5 is:
a. 5 b. 3
c. 9 d. 1
17: x2 + 5x + 2 is written in:
a. Descending order b. Ascending order
c. No order d. None of these


18: If P(x) = x3 -7x -6, then find P(-5):
a. -96 b. -166
c. -151 d. -93
19: In division of polynomials, coefficients are to be:
a. Added b. Subtracted
c. Divided d. Multiplied
20: In multiplication of polynomials, coefficients are to be:
a. Added b. Subtracted
c. Divided d. Multiplied
21: (x - 6) (x - 4) = _________________
a. x2 + 10x + 24 b. x2 - 10x – 24
c. x2 + 10x – 24 d. x2 - 10x + 24
22: If a + b = 7, ab = 12, then a2 + b2 =___________
a. 25 b. -25
c. 5 d. 52
23: (a - 1) (a + 1) (a2 + 1) is equal to:
a. a3 – 1 b. (a2 -1)2
c. a4 – 1 d. a4 + 1
24: x2 – 5x + 6 is exactly divisible by:
a. x + 3 b. x + 2
c. x – 2 d. x - 9
25: The number of variables in 5x3 + 3xyz + 5y3 is _______________.
a. 3 b. 1
c. 2 d. 5
26: If a - b = 5, ab = 7, then a2 + b2 =___________
a. 11 b. 21
c. 39 d. 53
27: 2x + 3y + 5 is a polynomial as natural number with:
a. Variables b. Constants
c. Exponent d. None of these
28: a – 2 is a factor of:
a. a – 2 b. a + 4
c. a2 + 4 d. a2 – 4
29: If P(x) = 9x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 11, then P (3) is:
a. 778 b. 680
c. 194 d. 719
30: How many kinds of algebraic expressions are there?
a. Two b. Three
c. Four d. Five
31: A polynomial in one variable “x” is denoted by:
a. P (x, y, z) b. P (x, y)
c. P (x) d. None of these
32: A polynomial in two variables “x and y” is denoted by:
a. P (x, y, z) b. P (x, y)
c. P (x) d. None of these
33: A polynomial in three variables “x, y and z” is denoted by:
a. P (x, y, z) b. P (x, y)
c. P (x) d. None of these
34: 3x + 4 is a:
a. Linear polynomial b. Quadratic polynomial
c. Cubic polynomial d. None of these
35: 5x2 - 3x + 4 is a:
a. Linear polynomial b. Quadratic polynomial
c. Cubic polynomial d. None of these
36: 8x3 + 5x2- 3x + 4 is a:
a. Linear polynomial b. Quadratic polynomial
c. Cubic polynomial d. None of these
37: If a + b = 3, a – b = 2 then a2 – b2______________:
a. 5 b. 2
c. 6 d. 13
38: If a + b = 5, a – b = 3 then 4ab______________:
a. 16 b. 34
c. 17 d. 4
39: If a + b = 5, a – b = 3 then a2 + b2______________:
a. 16 b. 34
c. 17 d. 4
40: If (x – 1) is a factor of (x3 + x2 - 10x + 8) then remainder is _______________:
a. 1 b. 2
c. 0 d. -1
41: If product of two polynomial is x2 – 5x + 6 and one polynomial is x – 2, then other is___________:
a. x + 3 b. x – 3
c. x – 4 d. x + 4
42: If sum of two polynomial is x2 – 5x – 3 and one polynomial is x2 – 6x, then other is___________:
a. x + 3 b. x – 3
c. x – 4 d. x + 4

CHAPTER NO 5
FACTORIZATION, H.C.F, L.C.M,
SIMPLIFICATION AND SQUARE ROOT
1: If P(x) = x3 -7x -6, then find P (-5):
a. -96 b. -166
c. -151 d. -93
2: If a3 + b3 + c3 =3abc then a + b + c =
a. 0 b. 5
c. b d. None of these
3: x2-5x+6 =(x - 2) (…………) =
a. x - 2 b. x - 3
c x + 3 d. x + 2
4: HCF of x2 – 4 and x + 2 is:
a. x +2 b. x - 2
c. x2 - 4 d. x2 + 4
5: LCM of c3a2, c2a5 and 4a4b3c5 =:
a. 4a4b3c5 b. 4a3b3c5
c. 4abc d. 4a5b3c5
6: If P(x) = 9x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 11, then P (3) is:
a. 778 b. 680
c. 194 d. 719
7: Factorization of ac + bc + ad + bd are:
a. (a - b) and (c + d) b. (a + b) and (c + d)
c. (a - b) and (c - d) d. (a + b) and (c - d)
8: Factorization of x2 + x – 6 is:
a. (x - 2) (x - 3) b. (x - 2) (x + 3)
c. (x + 2) (x + 3) d. (x + 2) (x - 3)
9: Factorization of x4 + x2 + 1 is:
a. (x2 – x + 1) (x2 + x + 1) b. (x2 – x + 1)2
c. (x2 + x + 1)2 d. None of these
10: Factorization of 5x2 - 17xy – 12y2 is:
a. (x – 4y) (5x + 3y) b. (x + 4y) (5x - 3y)
c. (x – 4y) (5x - 3y) d. None of these
11: 1 + 2ab – (a2 + b2) =______________.
a. (1 + a - b)(1 – a + b) b. (1 - a - b)(1 + a + b)
c. (1 – a – b )2 d. (1 + a + b )2
12: a3 + b3 =_______________.
a. (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) b. (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
c. (a + b)2 (a + b) d. (a - b)2 (a - b)
13: a3 - b3 =_______________.
a. (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) b. (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
c. (a + b)2 (a + b) d. (a - b)2 (a - b)
14: H.C.F of x2 + 3x + 2, x2 + 4x + 3, x2 + 5x + 4 is:
a. x + 2 b. x + 1
c. x - 1 d. x – 2
15: For what value of m, x2 + 4x + m is a complete square:
a. 8 b. -8
c. 4 d. -4
16: If x3 – 7x – 6 is divided by x + 1, then remainder is:
a. 0 b. 3
c. 7 d. 6
17: Common factor in x2 + 3x + 2, x2 + 4x + 3, x2 + 5x + 4 is:
a. x – 1 b. 2x – 1
c. x + 1 d. x – 2
18: If a + b + c = ……… then a3 + b3 + c3 =3abc:
a. 0 b. 5
c. b d. None of these


19: If a + b + c =0, then a3 + b3 + c3 =_________.
a. -3abc b. 3abc
c. 2abc d. 3a3b3c3
20: One factor of x6 – 81x2 is:
a. x + 3 b. x2 – 3
c. x2 – 9 d. x
21: Square root of a2 – 2a + 1 is:
a. ± (a – 2) b. ± (a + 1)
c. ± (2a – 1) d. ± (a – 1)
22: Factor of x8 – y8 is:
a. x – y b. x2 + y2
c. x + y d. All of these
23: a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = ____________________:
a. (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc + ca)
b. (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc - ca)
c. (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc - ca)
d. (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)
24: What will be added in 9a2 – 12abc to make it a perfect square?
a. -16b2 b. 16b2
c. 4b2 d. None of these
25: If x2 + 3x + 3 is divided by x + 1, then remainder is:
a. 0 b. 1
c. 3 d. 2
26: H.C.F. of a2 - b2 and a4 – b4 is______________:
a. a2 - b2 b. a2 + b2
c. a4 – b4 d. a4 + b4
27: L.C.M. of a2 - b2 and a4 – b4 is______________:
a. a2 - b2 b. a2 + b2
c. a4 – b4 d. a4 + b4
28: If A = x2 – 1, H = x – 1, L = x2 – 1 then B =______________:
a. x2 – 1 b. x2 + 1
c. x + 1 d. x – 1
CHAPTER NO 6
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1: is a ……………….matrix:
a. Zero b. Identity
c. Rectangular d. Scalar
2: Additives inverse of [-4 8]=
a. [8 -4] b. [4 -8]
c. [4 8] d. [4 -4]
3: If X+ = , then X=
a. b.
c d.
4: If A= and B= then AB=
a. b.
c. d.
5: If A = , then A2=
a. b.
c. d.

6: Who gave the idea of matrices?
a. Arther Kally b. Robert
c. Newton d. None of these
7: A matrices consists of:
a. rows only b. columns only
c. rows and columns d. None of these
8: The number of rows in a matrix is denoted by:
a. m b. n
c. m n d. n m
9: The number of columns in a matrix is denoted by:
a. m b. n
c. m n d. n m
10: Order of a matrix is denoted by:
a. m n b. n m
c. m m d. n n
11: In real numbers, additive identity is:
a. 1 b. -1
c. 0 d. None of these
12: If 0 is added to the real number it:
a. Changes b. Does not change
c. Becomes undefined d. None of these
13: Additive inverse of a matrix A is written as:
a. -A b. At
c. A-1 d. -(-A)
14: PP-1 = P-1P = _____________.
a. I b. -I
c. P-1 d. I-p
15: In general AB_____________ BA.
a. = b. >
c. ≠ d. ≤
16: Elements of A and are:
a. Different b. Equal
c. Same d. None of these
17: Determinant of is:
a. 46 b. 1
c. 24 d. 42
18: If x = , then is equal to:
a. 30 b. -3
c. 6 d. -1
19: If is a singular matrix, then x =_______________.
a. 45 b. -45
c. x + 45 d. 44
20: The product of and is:
a. b.
c. d.
21: is equal to:
a. b.
c. d.
22: Order of matrix [a] is:
a. 1 1 b. 1 2
c. 2 1 d. 2 2
23: Order of matrix [a b] is:
a. 1 1 b. 1 2
c. 2 1 d. 2 2
24: In Cramer’s Rule x =___________.
a. b.
c. d.
25: In Cramer’s Rule y =___________.
a. b.
c. d.
26: is a ………… Matrix:
a. Singular b. Zero
c. Diagonal d. Unit
27: If is singular matrix, then x =_____________.
a. 3 b. 6
c. 4 d. 0
28: The elements of A and are:
a. Different b. Same
c. Only one different d. None of these
29: A square matrix is called a singular matrix if:
a. = 0 b. ≠ 0
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these
30: A square matrix is called a non-singular matrix if:
a. = 0 b. ≠ 0
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these
31: If A = [3 2], B = , then AB =_____________.
a. [95] b. [-95]
c. [19] d. [-19]
32: The multiplication AB of two matrices A and B is possible only when the no. of columns of matrix A is equal to:
a. no. of rows of B b. no. of rows of B
c. no. of columns of B d. None of these
33: Matrix [2 + 3] is called:
a. Zero matrix b. Row matrix
c. Rectangular matrix d. None of these
34: If A = then matrix A is called:
a. Identity matrix b. Diagonal matrix
b. Zero matrix d. Singular matrix
35: If A = then matrix A is called:
a. Identity matrix b. Diagonal matrix
b. Zero matrix d. Singular matrix
36: If A and B are two matrices the order of A = a b and order of B = c d then order of A B =
a. a a b. a b
c. b a d. b b
37: If A = , B = , show which one is possible:
a. A + B b. A – B
c. BA d. AB
38: If A = [3 2], B = then AB =__________:
a. [13] b. [-17]
c. [17] d. [-13]
39: If = then solution set =_____________:
a. {(2, 3)} b. {(3, 2)}
c. {(2, 2)} d. {(3, 3)}
40: If A = and = 16 then the value of a =______________:
a. 2 b. 14
c. 20 d. -2
41: [2 3] = [10] then the value of x:
a. 2 b. 8
c. -2 d. 5
CHAPTER NO 7
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY
1: If a = b, b = c, then a = c is called:
a. Postulates b. Axiom
c. Given d. Proof
2: A line can not be parallel to two__________ lines.
a. Parallel b. Intersecting
c. Collinear d. Perpendicular
3: Line segment has:
a. One point b. Two points
c. Three points d. Infinite points
4: Two intersecting lines:
a. are parallel b. are not parallel
c. Circle d. Triangle
5: The angle of measure 500 and 1300 are called as:
a. Adjacent angles b. Supplementary angles
c. Complementary angles d. Right angles
6: An angle of 900 is called:
a. Right angle b. Acute angle
c. Obtuse angle d. None of these
7: Two lines can intersect each other at:
a. One point b. Two points
c. Four points d. Many points
8: If un common arms of two adjacent angles are collinear, these are________angles.
a. Supplementary b. Alternate
c. Vertical d. Complementary
9: If m a. Complementary angles b. Supplementary angles
c. Acute angle d. None of these
10: All the points of a line lie on a plane if at least___________points of that lie on the plane.
a. One point b. Two points
c. Three points d. Four points
11: If M lies on AB between A and B, then it belongs to:
a. Half line MB b. HALF Line MA
c. Both half lines d. None of these
12: Each of the two supplementary angles can be:
a. Right angle b. Acute angle
c. Obtuse angle d. None of these
13: One and only one line can pass through:
a. One point b. Two points
c. Three points d. Four points
14: If n1 – n2 = 0, then:
a. n1 < n2 b. n1 > n2
c. n1 = n2 d. None of these
15: Notation of half line is:
a. b.
c. d.
16: If the corresponding ABC DEF, the pair of congruent sides is:
a. AB, DE b. V
c. BC, FE d. AB, FD
17: The measures of two angles of a triangle are 600 and 800. The measure of the
third angle will be:
a. 600 b. 400
c. 800 d. 200
18: A quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect perpendicularly is:
a. Square b. Rectangle
c. Trapezoid d. Parallelogram
19: In ABC, m AB + m BC will be:
a. = m AC b. < m AC
c. > m AC d. None of these
20: The base angles of a parallelogram are:
a. Complementary b. Supplementary
c. Congruent d. Both acute


CHAPTER NO 8

DEMONSTRATIVE GEOMETRY
1: In a triangle ABC, m
a. 1000 b. 700
c. 300 d. 800
2: Sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is:
a. 1800 b. 900
c. 3600 d. 2700
3: In a right triangle:
a. Acute angles are complementary.
b. Acute angles are supplementary.
c. One of the angles is obtuse.
d. One of the angles is of measures 00
4: The measures of two angles of a triangle are 600 and 800. The measure of the
third angle will be:
a. 600 b. 400
c. 800 d. 200
5: To draw a line at least_____________points are required.
a. One b. Two
c. Three d. Four
6: If two lines are cut by a third line, then the number of interior angles is:
a. 2 b. 1
c. 4 d. 8
7: Measure of each of six congruent angles around a point is:
a. 300 b. 600
c. 450 d. 900
8: The no. of different correspondences between two triangles is:
a. 2 b. 3
c. 4 d. 6
9: Measure of one angle of a mombus is 300. An other angle is:
a. 1000 b. 900
c. 1500 d. 1200
10: Measure of every angle of an equilateral triangle is:
a. 300 b. 600
c. 450 d. 900
11: The statement a = b ac = bc for all real numbers a, b, c is:
a. A postulate b. The transitive property of real numbers
c. An axiom d. Commutative Law
12: If more than two points lies on the same line they are said to be________points.
a. Non Collinear b. Equidistant
c. Mid d. Collinear
13: Every plane contains at least:
a. Five collinear points b. More than five collinear points
c. Two collinear points d. Three non collinear points
14: An angle is the union of two rays having common end point and lying on the:
a. Same triangle b. Same plane
c. Same fine d. Same side
15: Any point B is said to be in between of the points A and C if:
a. m mAC b. m c. m16: If a point D is an interior point of a. mb. mc. md. None of these
17: The supplement of an angle of measure 600 is angle of measure:
a. 300 b. 600
c. 1800 d. 1200
18: From figure the a. Adjacent angle D
b. Non adjacent angles
c. Supplement angles C
d. Obtuse angles

A B
19: If the arms other the common arm of two adjacent angles are opposite rays then
the angles are:
a. Complementary b. Both acute
c. Both obtuse d. Supplementary
20: If two lines intersect each other than the non adjacent angles are called:
a. Corresponding angles b. Reflex angles
c. Vertical angles d. Congruent angles


CHAPTER NO 9
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
1: Certain figures exactly alike but different in size are called:
a. Similar b. Median
c. Equal d. Proportional
2: Straight lines, which bisect perpendicularly the sides of a triangle, are called
______________of the sides of the triangle.
a. Bisector b. Segment
c. Altitudes d. Right bisector
3: The medians of a triangle are always:
a. Collinear b. Concurrent
c. Congruent d. Perpendicular
4: The right bisectors of the sides of every triangle are:
a. Concurrent b. Parallel
c. Collinear d. Congruent
5: The altitudes of every triangle are always:
a. Concurrent b. Collinear
c. Right bisectors d. Non-concurrent
6: The bisectors of the angles of every triangle are always:
a. Perpendicular b. Concurrent
c. Collinear d. Non-collinear
7: The altitude of an/a_______________angled triangle meets outside:
a. Acute b. Right
c. Obtuse d. None of these
8: Perpendicular dawn form a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is called:
a. Median b. Altitude
c. Right bisector d. None of these
9: If the medians of a triangle are also the bisectors of the angle the triangle is:
a. Scalene b. Isosceles
c. Equilateral d. None of these
10: With which measures we can construct a triangle?
a. 5cm, 5cm, 10cm b. 11cm, 5cm, 8cm
c. 2cm, 1cm, 3cm d. 6cm, 4cm, 10cm
11: In a right-angled isosceles triangle the other two angles are of measure:
a. 600 , 300 b. 450 , 450
c. 900 , 100 d. 700 , 200
12: Angle bisectors of a triangle are:
a. Perpendicular to each other b. Concurrent
c. Perpendicular to opposite sides d. Bisect the opposite side
13: In circle of a triangle:
a. Passes through its vertices b. Touches its sides
c. Its centre lies out side the circle d. Touches two sides internally
14: Right bisectors of the sides of a triangle:
a. Bisects the sides b. Perpendicular to the sides
c. Passes through the opposite vertex d. Both (a) and (b)
15: Medians of a triangle are:
a. Bisector of the sides through opposite vertex
b. Concurrent
c. Intersects each other in the ratio 2:1
d. All of these above
16: in a right-angled triangle ABC the point of concurrency of three attitudes is:
a. Point A C
b. Point B b. Point C
d. None of these

B A
17: A circle whose radius is 5 cm. A point P is 3.5 cm from its centre.
Then there will be:
a. Only two tangents from P to the circle.
b. Only one tangent to the circle.
c. No tangent can be drawn from P to the circle.
d. None of the above is true
18:



























Thursday, May 21, 2009

Ch-7 Computer Software

What is Soft Ware?
Software is a set of detailed step-by-step instruction that tells to Computer what to do, how to do. Without software computer is nothing. For each task computer has a separate software, there are a number of software are used in computer i.e. Windows, MS-Office, Languages, Packages, Games etc. computer software is divided into two main categories one is System Software and other is Application software.

Types of Software:
Software can be divided into two main parts.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE




System Software Application Software

Operating System
Productivity S/W
Language Translator
Business S/W
Service Software
Education S/W

Entertainment S/W
System Software.

System software’s has designed to help the hardware components work together and provide support for application softwares. OR Which coordinate the operation of the computer and help the computer to carry out its basic tasks.

Operating System.
Operating system is a collection of system programmers that control and coordinate the overall operation of a computer system. These programmers act as an interface between the hardware and the application software. DOS, Windows & UNIX are popular operating systems. Without operating system a user cannot communicate with computer. All input & output devices run on operating system i.e. Printer, Scanner, Digital camera. Modem & Speakers etc. We cannot run application programs without operating system like Ms-Office, Games & movies etc.

Language Translator.
The Users are used high-level languages for computer programming, and we know computer understands machine language (0 & 1). As translator translate these high level languages into machine language. Each computer language has its own translator. There are three types of translators are used.

1. Compiler 2. Interpreter 3. Assembler

Service Software.
These types of software are used to look after the computer i.e. Anti virus remove virus. Scan Disk also scan the disk, and drivers provide facilities to hardware components. There are three main types of services software.

i. Utility Software
A program designed to perform maintenance work on the system or on system components (e.g., a storage backup program, disk and file recovery program, or resource editor, Anti Virus programs, screen savers, data compression etc).

ii. Library Programs
Library programs are predefining function used in languages. Usually these types of functions help in mathematics problems such as root, log, matrix, exponentiation function etc.

iii. Device Drivers

Each device of the computer work on the basis of computer software, it is called device drivers. Sound card, Scanner, Printer etc have own drivers. Without driver component cannot perform their function. As every component of computer has its own driver.


APPLICATION SOFTWARE
The software that used to perform a specific function is called Application software. Application software is used to improve our working ability. We need different type of application software to perform different tasks. There are four main types of Application software.

1. Productivity Software.
The most important software that used to solve a specific problem. There are different types of productivity software: -

• Word Processing Software. (Word Star, WordPerfect, Ms-Word etc)
• Spreadsheet Software. (Lotus, MsExcel etc.)
• Database Software. (FoxPro, dBase, Access, Oracle, Visual Basic etc.)
• Graphics Software. (Coral Draw, 3-D images, Adobe Photoshop & animations etc)
• Communication Software. (Network Software, Internet Explorer etc)
• Integrated Software. (Ms-office, which easily connect all Programs with each other)

2. Business Software.
The software that use for business purposes is called Business software. These kinds of software help to prepare Payroll, Inventory Report, Cash Book, Ledger, Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet statements etc. Banks, Industries, Stores, Farms etc are used this software for their own purposes.

3. Entertainment Software.
The software, which is used for entertainment and enjoyment purposes, is called Entertainment software i.e. games, themes, cartoons & movies etc.

4. Education Software.
The software that used for Education purposes is called Education software. These kind of software helps to student, that how to learn a topic or subject. For examples how to speak English language, how to use windows, Ms-word etc. now a days all subject software are available on CDs i.e. Computer, Physics, Chemistry, Math etc.

Operating System
An operating system is a special software program that is loaded into a computer (RAM) at startup and is responsible for running the computer. It manages all the hardware, and provides an interface between the computer's hardware and the user. Without operating system user cannot communicate with computer, because every input / output devices run on the basis of operating system.
Popular operating systems are Windows, DOS and UNIX etc. There are two types of operating system.

1. Single user Operating System 2. Multi user Operating System


1.Single user Operating System: -

Single user operating system runs on single PC. One user can use a computer at a time, and run only one program. These type of operating system does not capabilities of Networking i.e. shares resources (devices), share data etc. DOS is most popular single user operating system.

2. Multi user Operating System: -
These types of operating systems run on multi-user computers such as Mainframe & Minicomputer, and also we can use these types of operating systems on microcomputers for Networking purposes. These types of operating systems have the futures of networking and share data & resources among other computers. Some popular multi-user operating systems are Windows NT, Windows XP, Unix, LAN, WAN etc.

COMPUTER FILES
There are two types of computer files one is Data File other is Program File

Data File
A file consisting of data in form of text, numbers, or graphics etc are called data file. Usually application software is used to create these types of files.


Program File
These kinds of files have such command and instructions for execution, and used for a specific function i.e. Format file, Fdisk file, Scandisk file etc.

DOS Files
EXE. Files. These kinds of files are also called executable files. A user can run that kind of files from DOS Prompt (C:\>). Usually these files have EXE extension. Examples are comp.exe, fdisk.exe, format.exe etc.


COM Files.
COM stands for command.com, and also helps in booting process. The DOS all internal commands stored in this file. Example are command.com, diskcopy.com etc.

BAT files.
This file is a combination of different commands. That worked in process (booting) time. A user can create a batch file according to their need, i.e. autoexec.bat, that work automatically in booting time. We can display any thing during booting time on screen with help of this file.
Example:
1. 1. PATH C:\; C:\DOS; C:\UTILITY; C:\BATCH
2. PROMPT $P$G
3. SET TEMP=C:\TEMP
4. DOSKEY
5. SMARTDRV

1. Specifies the directories that DOS should search for executable files and the order in which
The directories should be searched.
2. set the appearance of the command prompt
3. this variable store temporary files
4. load the doskey program into memory
5. speed up access to hard disk

D O S
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. DOS is a single user and single tasking operating system. It is also called command-line interface operating system. In this operating system commands are used to perform a specific task. A user is used each command in written form, & press Enter key for execution. DOS is the first operating system that introduce by Microsoft in early eighty.

INTERNAL COMMANDS.
The Internal commands are inside in command.com file. Whenever computer switch on these commands are loaded into computer RAM, as all time are available for execution. Following are the most popular internal commands:-
CLS, CHDIR (CD), COPY, DATE, DEL, DIR, EXIT, REM, TIME, TYPE, VER and VOL.

External Commands.
External commands are remain stored on the disk. These type of commands will be present for execution example are BACKUP, CHKDSK, COMMAND, COMP, DELTREE, DISKCOPY, EDIT, FC, FORMAT, GRAPHICS, PRINT, PROMPT, RESTORE, SYS, TREE and XCOPY.

DOS Internal Commands

CLS
Syntax CLS
It is DOS Internal command. This command is used to clear the screen, and display the DOS prompt (C:) at the upper left corner on screen.

CD (Change Directory)
Syntax CD directory name
This is also DOS internal command, which is used to change directory

Examples:
CD APS (to open APS directory)
CD.. or CD\ (to close all open directories)
CD. (to close current directory)

COPY command
Syntax C: Copy filename.ext drive / directory
It is DOS internal command is used to copy one or more files from one location to another location. This command is also used with some extra parameters and switches.

Examples:
C: copy abc.bas A: (ABC.bas file will copy from hard disk to Floppy(A) disk)
C: copy *.* A:\xyz (copy all files from hard disk to Floppy drive(A) and in xyz directory)
C: copy *.com \abc (copy only com extension files from drive C to abc directory in C drive)
C: copy ?????.* A: (copy all those files, which have five charters to drive A)

DATE command
Syntax
This is DOS internal command, which is used to display current date on screen and also we can change or set the new date.
Example:

C:date
Current date is Wed 02-06-2003
Enter new data (mm-dd-yy)
mm for month in two digits
dd for day in two digits
yy for year in two digits

DEL command
Syntax del filename.ext
It is also DOS internal command which is used to delete (erase) one or more files from a specific location. This command is also used with some extra parameters.
Examples:
C: del abc.bas (abc.bas file will be deleted from drive C)
C: del *.* (all files from drive C will be deleted)
C: del *.exe (all exe extension files will be deleted)

DIR command
Syntax DIR
Dir is also an Internal command that used to displays files and directories on screen. DIR command is also used with different switches.

Examples.
C:dir (display all files and directories of drive C, with detailed information)
C:dir/P (display files and directories page wise)
C:dir/W (display files and directories widthwise, in 5 column & 20 rows )
C:dir/O (display files and directories in ascending order a to z)
C:dir/O-n (in descending order z to a)
C:dir/Od (display according to date and time)
C:dir/s (display all drive files and sub-directories files)

EXIT command
Syantax exit

This command is used to transfer control back to Window from DOS command line.

REM command
Syntax REM
REM command is used for remarks or comment in a program. It is also DOS internal command, and it is not executable command.
Example: REM “This is my personal file”

TIME
Syntax C:TIME
This is DOS internal command, which used to display current time on screen and also we can change or set the new time.
Examples:
C:time
Current time is 08:15:55.95a
Enter new time

COPY CON command
Syntax : C: copy con filename .extension
Example: C: copy con abc.txt

Copy con command is DOS internal command, which is used to create a text file. After writing text the Ctrl + Z shortcut key is used for saving the file.

TYPE command
Syntax: C: type filename.ext
Type is also DOS internal command, which is used to display the content of the file.
Example: C: type abc.txt (this command will display the text of the abc.txt file)




VER command
Syntax: C: ver
VER command also DOS internal command. This command is used to display the version of the DOS.

VOL command
Syntax: Vol
This is also DOS internal command, which is used to display the volume and serial no of the drive.

Example:
C:Vol
Volume in drive C: is Naeem
Volume Serial Number is 104D-19E0

DOS EXTERNAL COMMANDS

BACKUP Command
Syntax: source drive: target drive (C: backup a:)
Backup is an external command, which is used to copy files automatically from hard disk to floppy disk. Backup let’s you copy selected files, all files in a specified directory.
Examples:
Backup C:\ A: (this backup command will make a backup of all files in floppy disk(A).

Backup C:\WP\*.* A:/M (this command will make backup of directory WP to drive A since the last time Backup was used.
Backup C:\ A:/F (The F switch will format drive A automatically before backing up the files.

CHKDSK command
Syntax: chkdsk drive
It is DOS external command, which is used to displays status of the drive.
1. the total disk space 2. total spaces used in files
3. total spaces used in directories 4. total free space

COMP command
Syntax: C: comp file1 file2
It is DOS external command, which is used to combine two files with different switches.

Examples:
C: comp file1 file2/D (display the characters values in hexadecimal format.
C: comp file1 file2/N:100 (compare the first 100 lines of the specified files.

DELTREE command
Syntax: deltree directory name
DEL TREE is DOS external command that is used to delete directory and its subdirectories and all files of the subdirectories.

Examples: C: deltree xyz (xyz is a main directory)


DISKCOPY command
It is DOS external command that used to make duplicate copy of the disk.
Example:
C: diskcopy A: B:
Where A is the diskdrive that contains the source disk(the disk being copied) and B is the disk drive containing the target disk (blank disk)


EDIT command
Syntax: edit filename
It is DOS editor, which provide full screen for file editing or creating a text file. We can use this editor for writing purpose. Here we can write, save, open and print a text file easily.

Examples:
C: edit Provide full color screen for writing text
C: edit/B Provide black & white screen.
C: edit /H Display maximum number of lines.
C: edit abc.txt To open a blank file of abc.txt name, which is we can use for typing purpose.

FC command
Syntax: C: FC file1 file2

It is DOS external command that used to compare the contents of two files and display the differences between both files.

Examples:
C: FC abc.txt xyz.txt (this command will display the text of both files)

FORMAT command
Syntax: format drive name
Format is also DOS external command that is used to create tracks and sector in a disk, this procedure is also called formatting. Formatting is a procedure to ready a disk for using.

Examples:
C: format A: this command will format floppy disk.
C: format A:/S this command will format disk with system file. (make bootable floppy)
C: format A:/Q Q switch is used for quick formatting.
C: format A:/1 format only one side of the floppy disk
C: format A:/V V ask for the name of volume (not more than 11 characters)

GRAPHICS command
Syntax: C: graphics file name
This program is loaded prior to printing displayed graphics. To take effect, a graphics printer, such is Epson, Laser or inkjet etc.

Examples:
C: graphics filename /R Print out will be black on white paper.
C: graphics filename /b B is used for background color when color printer is used.
C: graphics filename /lcd Reproduces the image of an LCD display.(LCD type of monitor)

PRINT command
Syntax : Print File name /parameters
Print is DOS external command that print one or more files.
Examples:
C: Print abc.txt as the printer print the abc.txt file.

PROMPT command
Syntax: prompt characters

It is DOS external command, which used to changed the DOS default Prompt (C:>)
Examples:
C: Prompt display C> Prompt $p$g display C:\>
Prompt APS display APS Prompt $t display current time
Prompt $d display current date

RESTORE command
Syntax : restore drive1, drive2/swithes
The restore command is DOS external command, which is used to restore data from floppy to hard disk (this is opposite command of backup command)
Examples:
C: restore A: C: This command will copy all files from drive A to drive C.
C: restore A: C:\*.txt This command will copy only txt files from A to C drive.

SYS command
Syntax :sys drive
It is DOS external command is used to transfer system file to drive. The system files is used for booting purposes.

Example: C: sys A: copy system file to drive A:

TREE command
Syntax: tree drive / path
It is DOS external command, which show all directories and subdirectories in graphical display.

Examples: C: Tree display tree of drive C:
C: Tree/F display tree with files name.

XCOPY command
Syntax: xcopy c: a:\path/switches
It is used to copy selectively files from one location to disk to another. Xcopy command function similar copy command, but xcopy doest not copy hidden and system files.

Examples: xcopy A: C:/A this command will copy only archive file.
xcopy A: C:/D:17/06/2003 this command will copy only 17 date file.
xcopy A: C:/S this command will copy all subdirectoies files.
xcopy A: C:/E create subdirectories on target disk.

MD command
Syntax: MD directory name
MD is DOS internal command, which is used to create directory (folder).
Examples: C: md Zamzama create a directory on zamzama name

CD command (change directory)
Syntax: cd directory
This command is used to open a directory and close directory.
Examples
C: cd zamzama open zamzama directory
C: cd.. Closed zamzama directory
C: cd\ closed all open directories.

RD command (remove directory)
Syntax: rd directory name
This command is used to delete directory, but directory will be empty.

Example: RD ABC (this command will delete ABC folder or directory)

PATH
The address to a file. The path consists of the drive name, the location of the file in the directory
structure, and the filename. Example: C:\Mystuff\Myfile.doc.



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Ch-4 Storage Device

BIT

Short for binary digit. The smallest unit of information handled by a computer. One bit expresses 1 or 0 in a binary numeral.. A group of 4 bits make a Nibble and group of 8 bits makes up a Byte.

BYTE

Short for binary term. A unit of data, today almost always consisting of 8 bits. A byte can represent a single character, such as a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark. Because a byte represents only a small amount of information, amounts of computer memory and storage are usually given in kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), or gigabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).

WORD
The native unit of storage on a particular machine. A word is the largest amount of data that can be handled by the microprocessor in one operation and also, as a rule, the width of the main data bus. Normally Word sizes of are 8 bits, 16 bits , 32 bits & 64 bits are the most common. The computer speed depends on the size of word.

What is meant by computer storage? How will you classify it?

The place or location where computer store data or information for permanent or temporary basis
is called memory.

There are two main types of memory.
1. Main memory / Primary memory
2. Secondary memory / Auxiliary memory / Backing storage.

Main memory / Primary memory
This type of memory is the internal memory of computer i.e. RAM & ROM.
The speed of this memory is high because that is direct connected with processor

Secondary memory / Auxiliary memory / Backing storage.
It is also important type of memory. The speed of this memory is slow to compare with main memory. But this type of memory has some main futures i.e. store large amount of data, run operating system, store application programs etc. the examples of this type are hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact Disk , magnetic tap etc.

ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is a main part of computer; it is non-volatile memory because the information, which store in ROM is not erase or delete. Basically ROM has four main features i.e.

a. Check input output device in booting time
b. Have information about computer configuration.
c. Load operating system.
d. Receive signals from keyboard.

ROM has also two types PROM & EPROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) PROM is a ROM where the user can load the data or information of the ROM and can modify it.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). It is another type of ROM, which erase or delete the current program or data from ROM for further modification.

RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is type of main memory, it is a small chip, which fixed on mother board. It is temporary memory which store data and information still to computer switch on. The data and information store and retrieve randomly on RAM. RAM takes data from hard disk, send to processor for processing, and as also send back to hard disk for permanent saving. As computer speed depend on the size of RAM as much as the size of RAM increased the speed of the computer will be fast. RAM also available in size of 32mb, 64mb, 128mb, 256mb and 512mb etc.





SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module)
SIMM is an advance form of RAM, SIMM is a small chip, which have module on single side of the chip SIMM transfer data in 32 bits size of word. We can use more than one SIMM chip on motherboard.

DIMM (Double In Line Memory Module)
DIMM is also type of the RAM, which double in size to compare with SIMM. DIMM have module chips on both sides, and also transfer data in 64 bits as the speed of the DIMM more than SIMM, because SIMM transfer data in 32 bits. As we can use more than one DIMM chip on motherboard.

Q.4 What is Sequential storage and Direct Access storage devices?

Ans. Sequential storage and Direct Access storage devices are the types of Secondary memory. Both types of devices are used for backup and other purposes.

Sequential Access Storage/ Magnetic Tape
In these devices data are store sequentially, each record store one after another and there is no spaces among the records or files. For example we have 100 records in Sequential device, and we want to access record no 75, as computer will start searching from record no 1 to 74 then find desired record. As in sequential storage device processing is slow. Example of sequential storage device is magnetic tape. Sequential devices are used only for backup purposes.

Direct Access Storage / Magnetic Disk
These types of devices read and write record or file directly by the help of their own addresses, in direct storage devices records are store randomly there is no sequence among files and records, each record or file have a specific code (address), which is used for identification of the file or record. Direct Access devices processing are fast than sequentially devices. Examples of direct access devices are hard disk, floppy disk and CDs.

Write short notes on Floppy disk, Hard disk and CD-Rom.

Floppy Disk
Floppy disk is a secondary storage Input/output device, which store data randomly. A floppy disk divided into circles or tracks and each track divided into sectors, the data store on sectors. There is a head in floppy drive that read and write the data. Now a day floppy disk usually used for transferring data from one computer to another. Floppy disks are available in of 3.5 and 5.25 inches. The capacity of 3.5 inch floppy is about 1.44 MB.

Hard Disk
Hard disk is type of secondary storage device, which store and retrieve data randomly. Hard disk function similar to floppy disk, but hard disk is fixed in computer and also have large amount of capacity. Normally harddisk is used to have operating system and other application programs like DOS, WINDOWS, Ms-Office, Programming languages, Games etc. Now a day the hard disks available in size of from 1 GB to 120GB. A large capacity harddisk can be divided into several partitions.

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
It is also a secondary storage device, which used everywhere with computers.
A compact disc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disc with a protective plastic coating that can hold up to 74 minutes of high-fidelity recorded sound. A normal size CD can store 600 books of 500 pages. The disk is read by an optical scanning mechanism that uses a high-intensity light source. It is a less expensive device that used everywhere for different purposes.


**********

Ch-3 INPUT / OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES

Computer users are used to these devices to enter some data or instruction to computer. As we can say these devices are the source of communication with computer.

KEYBOARD
Keyboard is one and important input device. Keyboard is a main input device, which is used to enter data / instruction to computer. A normal Keyboard has 104 keys. A Keyboard consists of four different types of keys.

1. Alphanumeric keypad
The main part of the keyboard consist these keys, which is normally used for typing purposes. Alphanumeric keys also divided into three parts.

a. Alphabet Keys:- there are 26 alphabet keys from A to Z in both cases (upper and lower)
b. Numeric Keys:- there are 10 numeric keys used from 0 to 9
c. Punctuation:- space bar, !, ~, `, +, - (, ) *, & , ^, %, $, #, @ are punctuation keys.

2. Numeric keypad
On the right side of the keyboard there are some numeric keys from 0 to 9 with some arithmetic keys + - / *, point, Num lock and Enter keys are used for numeric purpose.

3. Function Keys
On the top of every keyboard there are some keys from F1 to F12 performed some function. Function keys perform different function in different Computer Programs.

4. Special Keys
In keyboard there are some special keys used for different purposes i.e. Esc, Tab, Ctrl, Shift Key, Alt key, Backspace, Enter, Caps Lock, Insert Key, Delete Key, Home Key, End Key, Page Up/Down and Arrow Keys etc used for different purposes.

MOUSE 
A common pointing device. The basic features of a mouse are a flat-bottomed casing designed to be gripped by one hand; two or three buttons on the top; a cable connecting the mouse to the computer. By moving the mouse on a surface (such as a desk top), the user typically controls an on-screen cursor. To select items or choose commands on the screen, the user presses one of the mouse's buttons, producing a "mouse click."

1. Pointing: When you move the mouse on the pad, you are actually moving and pointing the cursor on the screen.

2. Clicking: Press the left button of the mouse is called clicking. Single click used for selection and double click used for running the program.

3. Dragging: To continue to hold down the mouse button as you move the mouse is called dragging the mouse.


JOY STICK
A pointing device used mainly but not exclusively for computer games. A joystick has a base, on which control buttons can be mounted, and a vertical stem, which the user can move in any direction to control the movement of an object on the screen; the stem may also have control buttons.


SCANNERS
Scanner is an input device, which scans image of a picture or text and saves it in the computer with the help of software. The image in converted into signals, which the computer understands. There are two types of scanners Flatbed and Handy.



TRACKBALL
A pointing device that consists of a ball resting on two rollers at right angles to each other, which translate the ball's motion into vertical and horizontal movement on the screen. A trackball also typically has one or more buttons to initiate other actions. A trackball's housing is stationary; its ball is rolled with the hand.

ELECTRIC LIGHT PEN
An input device consisting of a stylus that is connected to a computer's monitor. The user points at the screen with the stylus and selects items or chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen. Light pen is use with a special monitor. It consists of a photocell placed in a small tube. Which can selecting, editing etc. Light pen is used in graphics.

MIRCROPHONE.
A device that converts sound waves into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can convert the microphone's output into digital data that a computer can process; for example, to record multimedia documents or analyze the sound signal. With the help of microphone we can store our voice in computer just like type recorder. Microphone runs on multimedia software.

VOICE RECOGNITION
An input device that translating voice to text with the help of a special software. With the help of this device a user give dictation to computer, and computer type this dictation automatically. Also a user can control the computer with vocal commands such as open file, save file, shutdown etc. But it is necessary when you installed the software, you need a good practice.

DIGITAL CAMERA
This is a special type of camera attached with the computer and used by a special software. By this camera, picture of some things is obtained and saved in the computer. It sends it directly to the attached computer.

DISKDRIVE

In computer the disk drive used for input and output purposes. The disk drive is used to read and write data or information from disk that use heads for these purposes. There are different types of disk drive are Floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive, ZIP drive etc.

OUTPUT DEVICS

These devices are used to produce process data or instruction from computer in form of information. The most common devices, which are used for these purposes, are Monitor and Printer.

MONITORS

The device on which images generated by the computer's video adapter is displayed. The monitor is attached to the video adapter by a cable with system unit. Monitor is one and important output device. There are different types of monitor are used.

1. Monochrome monitors: - this is a two colors (black & white )monitor.
2. CGA:- Color Graphic Adapter is a popular monitor (4colors).
3. EGA:- Enhanced Graphic Adapter. Display upto 16 colors at the same time.
4. VGA:- Video Graphic Array to display 256 colors at one time.
5. SVGA:- Super Video Graphic Array display to 256 & more colors. But the colors are much sharper and clear.

Friday, May 15, 2009

Ch - 2 COMPUTER COMPONENTS





Computer is the combination of Hardware and Software, Hardware is the physically parts of the computer and software are the programs of the computer.

Computer Hardware
The physical components of a computer system, including any peripheral equipment such as printers, modems, Keyboard, mouse, RAM, ROM, harddisk, motherboard etc are called computer hardware.

Computer Software
The software that runs on computer for a specific purpose is called computer software. Like Operating system i.e. DOS, Windows, Unix, Application Programs i.e. Ms-Office, Games, Languages, movies etc.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

A digital computer system has the following three basic components.
1. Input Devices. 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU). 3. Output Devices.

1. Input Devices.
The peripheral devices, which is used to provide or send data to processor is called input devices, such as keyboards, mice, joysticks, Mouse, Scanner, Digital camera etc.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the device that interprets and executes instructions. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors. The CPU-or microprocessor, in the case of a microcomputer-has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. CPU consists two parts ALU and CU.

i. Arithmetic Logical Unit. (ALU)
The ALU is a collection of register, arithmetic and logic circuits. A register is a location in ALU stored data on temporary basis. ALU perform all arithmetic and logical activities, i.e. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and also used for logical comparisons, such as equal to (=), greater than (>), less than (<), not equal (<>), greater than or equal (>=) and less than or equal (<=).

ii. Control Unit (CU)
In simple words to perform right function at right time and in proper way inside the computer is the duty of Control unit. The main duties of the CU to save data, print data, receive data from input devices; retrieve data from hard disk to RAM etc.

3. Output devices
The computer work divided into three categories first we input data with the help of input devices. The CPU processes it. And at last with the help of output devices we can see our data output/result in form of information. The main output devices are Monitor, Printer & Speakers etc.

BUSES.
A bus is a group of electrical conductors (usually wires) running parallel to one another that can carry a charge from point a to point b. These conductors can be copper traces on a circuit board or wires in a cable. Usually, they are found in multiples of eight (8, 16, 32, 64, and so on). Early computers used eight conductors for the main system bus, thereby allowing the transmission of eight bits, or one byte, of information at a time.

Data Bus
The Bus that sends data between processor and other devices is called data bus. 8 bits data bus transfer one word (1 byte) at a time, as 32 bits data bus transfer (4 bytes) at a time. The number of wires depends on the speed of data bus.

Address Bus
The address bus is a set of wires similar to the data bus. It is connects only the CPU and memory, which carries information about location of data. It is used to identify the address of the location, where date to be transfer or send. This bus speed is also depend on the bus size.

Control Bus
The set of lines within a computer that carry control signals between the CPU (central processing unit) and other devices. For example, a control bus is used to indicate whether the CPU is attempting to read from memory or to write to it. The duty of this bus is supervision that checked the flow of the data.

COMPUTER MEMORY
The device or location where information can be stored and retrieved is called computer memory. There are two types of memory, which is used in a computer.

1. Main memory / Primary memory
The main storage region to which the microprocessor has directs access data. It is also called computer internal memory. It is directly attached with CPU and other devices. The operation performance is very fast here. RAM and ROM are the examples of this memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and write by the central processing unit chip, which is fixed on the motherboard. All the computer processing performs here. It is also called temporary memory. RAM retrieves data from secondary storage devices and also sends back after processing. A computer speed depends on size of RAM.

ROM (Read only Memory)
It is also a chip, which is fixed on motherboard. The information stored in ROM permanently. Generally the ROM has information about computer configuration, boot to operating system, check all input/output devices at booting timing. It is also called non-volatile (permanent) memory.

2. Secondary memory / Auxiliary memory / Backup storage devices
This memory is also called external memory. Secondary memory is not directly attached with CPU. The role of this memory is very important in computer. We stored our information i.e. Operating system, Application programs like MS-Office, Languages, Games etc. It is permanently memory of computer. Examples of this are Hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact disk, Magnetic tap etc.

COMPUTER PORTS
Normally ports are located on the back of the CPU, where we attached the input and output devices with computer. As we connected keyboard in keyboard port, mouse in mouse port, monitor in monitor port, printer in printer port and as Modem, NIC card, Scanner etc, shortly every device have his own port. The ports that have pins are called male ports and the ports, which have holes, are called female ports. There are two types of ports one is Serial and other is Parallel port.

Serial Ports
Serial ports are used for serial data communication, such as mice, modem, mouse, digital camera etc. The process of this type of ports is slow, because the transmission of data in form of one bit. These ports are internally named as COM1, COM2 etc.

Example: A= 0100 0001 Serial Ports 0100 0001

Parallel Ports
In this type of ports the transmission is in parallel form. Data transfer from one location to another location in form of 8, 16 or 32 bits at a time. As the speed of transmission is fast to compared with Serial Ports. Normally printer used parallel port. These ports are internally named as LPT1, LPT2 and LPT3 etc.

SSC I & II - Computer Sc. Notes

HILAL UD DIN
Lecturer (Computer Sc.) /IT Coordinator APS&C (Zamzama) - Nowshera
http://apszamzama.blogspot.com
http://pakiearn.blogspot.com
e-mail: hily007@hotmail.com, hilalkhan007@gmail.com , hilal_ud_din@yahoo.com


SSC I & II Computer Sc. Notes


CH-1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

CH – 2 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

CH – 3 INPUT / OUTPUT DEVICES

CH- 4 STORAGE DEVICES

CH- 7 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

CH - 9 PROBLEM SOLVING

CH-10 DATA TYPES, ASSIGNMENT AND INPUT/OUTPUT STATEMENT

CH-11 CONTROL STATEMTES

CH - 12 ARRAYS

CH-13 SUB PROGRAMS & FILE HANDLING

CH-14 GRAPHICS

CH – 15 WORD PROCESSING






Chapter-1 History and Development of the computer.

Abacus:-

About 3000 years ago, the Chinese developed and used the first counting and calculating device. It is called an ABACUS. It is still used in China and many other countries i.e. Egypt, Greece, Arabia, and Europe etc. ABACUS is made of a wooden or plastic frame and used beads for counting purposes. ABACUS is a person who has been trained to use the abacus and can use it almost as quickly and correctly as we can use a calculator.

A Napier’s bone:-

In 1614 Jone Napier invented logarithms and a device called Napier’s bones or rods. The rods helped to multiply numbers. These rods not only simplified tedious calculations but also were fast and accurate. Let see the example of calculation.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512

Multiplication of two numbers
8  64 = 512

In first row 8 below of 3, and 64 below of 6, as 3+6=9, and 512 is below of 9.

Slide Rule:-

Napier’s idea of logarithm gave birth to another very useful and commonly used calculating device called SLIDE RULE. A slide rule consists of two scales one is the rule and other is the slide. The ruled is made up of two sets of scales joined together with a space between them. The space is just enough for free movement of the slide, which carries other set of scales on its both sides. It has moving transparent rectangular piece called cursor.

Pascal’s adding Machine:-

A 19-year-old man named Blaise Pascal in 1642 invented the first mechanical calculating machine. His machine was called PASCALINE, and about 50 models were made. It was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by a series of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline to help make his father’s job as a tax accountant easier.

Leibniz Calculator:-

In 1673, in Germany, Gottfried Leibniz invented the Leibniz calculator. Not only could it add and subtract but it could also multiplication and division, and do square roots. It too was mechanical, but a hand crank sped up the work of this calculator.

Difference Engine:-
An early computer like mechanical device designed by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage in the early 1820s. The Difference Engine was intended to be a machine with a 20-decimal capacity capable of solving mathematical problems. The concept of the Difference Engine was enhanced by Babbage in the 1830s in the design of his more famous Analytical Engine, a mechanical precursor of the electronic computer.
Analytical Engine:-
A mechanical calculating machine designed by British mathematician Charles Babbage in 1833 but never completed. It was the first general-purpose digital computer. His Analytical Engine consisted of five units i.e. Store unit, Control unit, Mill and Input Output units.
Input Unit:- this unit was used to input data to machine like Keyboard.
Output Unit:- This unit was used to gave the result.
Store Unit:- This unit was store the data, which had to be processing.
Control Unit:- This unit was used to control all other devices of the machine.
Mill:- This unit was used for arithmetic calculation.

Hollerith Tabulating/recording machine:-
An electromechanical machine invented by Herman Hollerith in the late 1800s for processing data supplied in the form of holes punched at predetermined locations in cards. Contacts made through the holes completed electrical circuits, allowing signals to be passed to counting and tabulating devices. This machine is considered to have reduced the time required to finish the 1890 U.S. census by two-thirds. Such machines were manufactured in the early 1900s by Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually became the International Business Machines Corporation

Mark – I:-
An electromechanical calculating machine designed in the late 1930s and early 1940s by Howard Aiken of Harvard University and built by IBM. Also called Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, Harvard Mark I. The first fully electronic stored-program computer designed and built at Manchester University in England. It successfully executed its first program in June 1948. The first commercial computer, which was based on the Manchester Mark I and released in 1951.

Generations of Computer.

First Generation. (1942 – 1959)

The technology that used in that generation of computers were vacuum tubes. There are about 17,468 vacuum tubs, and 6000 manual switches were used in single computer. Consumption of the electricity about 150 KW, and the size of the computer about 1800 sqf, and weight is about 30 tones (30000 kgs). Only expert peoples could use those computers. The following computers were used in that generation EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer) and EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

Second Generation. (1959 - 1965)

The main and important technology was introducing Transistor that worked in place of vacuum tub. Size of transistor was small to vacuum tube, and also reduces the consumption of electricity, and size of computer. Speed of computer fast, stored large amount of data, produce less heat. Also introduce some output devices such as magnetic tape, magnetic disk, card readers and printer etc. IBM – 704 was popular computer of that generation.

Third Generation. (1965 – 1973)

The main technology that introduce in that generation was ICs(Integrated Circuits). Which brought revolution in the field of computer. Size of computer reduce, used little amount of power and their speed and storage capacity increased. Mainframe and minicomputers and networking facilities were introduced. Some software company developed software for company i.e. payroll, billing and other business tasks. Some popular computers i.e. IBM 360, PDP 8 and ICL 1900 etc.





Fourth Generation. (1973 – )
Actual revolution in computer field started from this generation, when microprocessor was introduced. The microprocessor is a single silicon chip, but there are million of integrated circuits in this one chip. Which performs all Arithmetically, Logically and control the system. First processor Intel 4004 was 4-bits, then Intel introduce 8 and 16 bits processors. Micro computer (PC) is introduced; size and price of computers reduce. Commercial using of computer increase, each organization used to computer for their own purposes.

Fifth Generation. (work on progress )
Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing. The scientists are trying to make a computer, which have thinking and acting capabilities.

Types of Computers

Analog Computer
Analog computer measures data varying continuously in value, such as speed, temperature, pressure, voltage and current etc. Analog computers are special purpose computer and used in scientific laborites and industries etc. The speed of these computers are fast but accuracy is not 100%. Examples are analog watch, mercury thermometer, speedometer etc.

Digital Computer
A computer in which operations are based on two or more discrete states. Binary digital computers are based on two logical states "ON" and "OFF," (0 and 1) represented by two voltage levels, arrangements of which are used to represent all types of information-numbers, letters, graphics symbols, and program instructions. It is a general-purpose computer, these types of computers are used everywhere such as at home, schools, offices, laborites etc. the speed and accuracy also well. The input, output and processing of the computer in form of digits.

Hybrid Computer
The computer that contains both digital and analog circuits is called hybrid computer. It is also a special purpose computer used in special laborites such as hospital to carry out medical investigation, and in industries to monitors the productions & function of machines etc. these types of computer have the capabilities of both data i.e. digital and analog.

Classification of Computers

Supercomputers

Supercomputers are largest fastest and most expensive computers developed in 1980s to handle complicated problems. Thousands of processors are used in these computers. These have extraordinary computing power required by large organizations, scientific laboratories, etc.

Supercomputers are used in space exploration forecasting weather, aircraft design, and nuclear researches. They are used in a time-sharing mode in which thousands of users can be attached to a supercomputer at the same time. Some of the supercomputers are CRAY-1 and CRAY – 2 and CYBER 205.

Mainframe Computers

A high-level, typically large and expensive computer designed to handle intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are characterized by their ability to simultaneously support many users connected to the computer by terminals. Mainframe Computers have a large amount of speed, memory etc. Large organizations are used these type of computers such as Banks, Universities, Govt. organizations, Airlines etc. The different user perform different task at a same time. The popular mainframe computers are IBM 4341 & CYBER 176.


Minicomputers

Mid-level computer built to perform complex computations. Minicomputers also frequently connect to other minicomputers on a network and distribute processing among all the attached computers. Minicomputers are used heavily in transaction-processing applications and as interfaces between mainframe computer systems and wide area networks. Minicomputer works and others functions same as mainframe computer, but one step down from mainframe computers and as one step up from Microcomputer.. Usually used in same building like Banks, Colleges, Industries etc.

Microcomputers

A computer built around a single-chip (CPU) microprocessor. Less powerful than minicomputers and mainframes, microcomputers have nevertheless evolved into very powerful machines capable of complex tasks. Microcomputers introduce in 1970s, when microprocessor was invented. These types of computer are very popular, because less prices, small size, and easy handling, use everywhere such as in offices, homes, Schools etc.

Impact of computer and Internet on Society

Computer and Society

From last 20 & 25 years computer has an important role in our society. All system of the world has computerized i.e. our banks, airplanes, factories, school, college, universities, office, transport, Education system, all laborites etc. If we want to go with computerized world then we must to learn computer, and as day-by-day the using of computer becoming easily, any person can use computer easily.

Computer makes us more productive in many of our jobs. In education they can help us for better understanding faster learning and broaden our thinking. And as in health department computer have an important roll, especially in medicine and treatment. It is help us to do thing efficiently and accurately.

Social disadvantages of computer. These are unemployment due to automation, wastage of time and energy in useless computer activities, no data security, personal privacy and computer crime and miss used of Internet & time etc.

Internet and Society or the roll of Internet in our Society

Internet: The Internet was launched by the U.S Defence Department in the late 1960’s. By the early 1990’s the Internet’s popularity had grown considerably.

Internet is an extension of the Network System to the entire world. It is an electronic highway that connects various networks around the world. These networks belong to government agencies, universities, libraries and big business house of those countries in which these networks are working. A user can send messages, get any kind of information, seek jobs, get admission, selling and purchasing etc.

Internet and Society:-

From last some years the Internet has become very popular in all over the world, every person of the society is using net for their own purposes. As every organization i.e. Government organization, Universities, Colleges, Schools, Offices are used the Internet for their own benefits.

The Internet offers many kinds of features, we can send and receive e-mail, we can read any newspaper, magazines, academic papers, government documents, books etc. We can find Jobs, We can get admission in any university of the World. We can meet with people to exchange information with each other. We can do shopping.

Internet has now become the need of most of us because of the vast array of information and activities possible with it.


Application of computer in various Organizations.

Applications in Business

Computer has an important roll in all kind of business i.e. from a shop to big industries. Every businessmen can use it for their own business, because which is used to keep record of items, inventory reports, report of sale and purchase, report of accounts, bank statements, Tax report, salary of employees, report of creditor and debtors etc.

Applications in Banks

Banks are the largest users of computers, since largest paperwork handling problems are found in the banking. Computers are used for day-to-day processing of customer’s accounts and the processing and clearing of cheques is now a routine in all banks throughout the world. Banks also use computers for maintaining loan accounts, saving account’s deposits and withdrawals. Also banks issue credit card to customers.

Stock Exchange Applications

Before using of computers in stock exchange all trading was manually, which created problems to customers and Security and Exchange Commission. It was very difficult to maintain and tally all transactions at end of every day. As computer has solved these problems, and also increase the volumes of the stock exchange business. And now a day every person can easily understand the stock exchange business, and also satisfied from the business.

Retailing Applications

The black and white bar code printed on most of the products offered for sale in the store is called (UPC) Universal Product Code. This code is the key to computer controlled store checkout. The computers use this code through optical sensor to determine product’s name and price it is also updating the store’s items list, warning the manager about an item going to be short. As at the end of the day computer gave detail information about daily sale and remaining stock and balance.

Application in Education

It is essential every educated person becomes familiar with the computer. The ability to use computers in a basic and necessary to a person’s formal education as reading, writing and arithmetic. There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computers to educate the students.

Computer Assisted Instructions (CAI) OR What is meat by CAI?

It does not involve teaching about computers but rather using computer as an aid in the classroom instruction of a particular subject matter. CAI is a system of individualized instruction that uses a programme presented by a computer as the learning medium. There are four major types of CAI systems.
1. Drill and Practice 2. Tutorial 3. Dialog 4. Testing.

Drill and Practice: - The role of the computer is to provide regular review and practice on basic concepts and skills. It is usually used in math and foreign languages for spelling, typing, and other similar tasks.

Tutorial: - In this method present subject material give to students and conducts check on their progress directly.

Dialog:- Dialog is a complicated form of teaching in which the computer and the student carry on a conversation.

Testing:- Computer are ideal test givers, particularly for matching, true or false and multiple choice tests etc.



Computer Managed Instructions (CMI) OR What is meat by CMI

In a computer managed instruction (CMI) system, instead of teaching, the computer assigns a certain topic to student to read it, listen certain tape attend certain lecture and so on. On completing the assignment, the student returns to the computer for testing and further assignment. A CMI system has the following objectives:

The collection and processing of student’s information.
Instructional information.
Passing of this information to the teacher in summarized form so that it can be used to help the student.

Computer Based Simulations

A simulate is to copy the behavior of one system with a different dissimilar system. A simulation model system implemented on a computer provides students with real life situations. In chemistry, simulation models have been developed to conduct experiments by simulating instruments and chemicals. In business, students can learn management techniques by operating a simulated business. A physics student can even explode a simulated atomic reactor and watch the nuclear reaction in slow motion.

Computer Aided Problem Solving

Students can use computers as problem solving tools. For that the students must learn how to develop a plan so that they could get the solution of their problem. Computer aided problem solving is the highest form of computer enhanced learning activity, students explore and organize material from a course by using the computer as an aid to problem solving. Problem solving is a creative process. The student must understand the problem completely. The student must be able to select or develop a plan for a problem solution, and must be able to implement the problem solution in the form of computer program.

Computer as a Subject of Instruction

Upto 1970’s computer science did not exist as an academic discipline in Pakistan. Today computer science degrees programmed are offered at bachelor and master’s level at many universities and colleges. During the past few years many secondary schools and institutions have introduced microcomputer-programming courses. To be computer literate one must be able to define, demonstrate, and / or discuss:

• How computer are used?
• How computer do their work?
• How computers are programmed?
• How to use a computer?
• How computers affect our society?

Application in Medical Field

Although computer has been introduced quite recently in the medical field. It is changing the very structure of society’s health care system. It is used for basic tasks such as keeping track of patient’s appointments, diagnosis and treatment procedure. Also the new technologies are computerized, which have good accuracy in result of checkup and test etc. The most general use of a computer in hospital is business oriented such as accounting, payroll, billing and inventory control.

Application in Science

Computer finds vast applications in the field of science and research such as in physics, chemistry, mathematics, biological sciences, medical science, Agricultural science, Astrophysics, Geophysics, Nuclear Physics, meteorological study, communication, space travel, etc. It is fact today it is impossible to carry out scientific researches without computers. Computer scientists are engaged in developing software for the users to fulfill their ever-increasing demands.



Product Design and Manufacturing OR What is meant by CAD

Computer Aided Design (CAD) software provides product designers with a way not only to develop a representation of the product, but also test the product design in a variety of simulated environment. Companies that evolved in the business of manufacturing products have found new ways to use computers in every aspect of product development.


Programming Languages OR Computer Languages

The only way, which is used to commutation with computer, is programming. With the help of program we communicate with computer. A computer program is a set of instructions that perform a specific task. The process of writing these instructions (program) is called Programming. There are three basic types of languages, which are used for programming:

1. Machine Languages 2. Assembly Languages 3. High Level Languages.


1. Machine language / Low Level Language


Machine language is used binary codes (0s and 1s), which is easily understandable to computer. As there is no translator is used in low level or machine language. A Low Level or Machine Language is designed for a particular computer according to its internal codes. A low level language is a machine-oriented language. Evidently, a low level programming language is difficult to learn, it needs a great deal of study to be mastered.

2. Assembly Language or Medium language

Assembly language is special type of language, which is easy to compare with low level or machine language. There are some abbreviations are used for a particular purposes. i.e. HLT used for stop processing, ADD for addition, MUL for multiplication, STO for store to data and LDA used for Load the data into memory.

In Assembly language a translator (Assembler) has used to covert the program codes into machine language.

3. High Level Language or Symbolic Language

A high level programming language is designed to suit the needs f the programmer. These languages are easy to understand because they closely resemble the English language. Every High Level Language have a translator for compilation. High-level languages are good for writing well organized programs business processing, games, graphics, Web, scientific and technical calculations etc. Common high-level languages are BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C/C++, JAVA etc.


Language Processor or Language Translator

We know computer understands only machine language, and we have use high-level languages for programming. So, computer processor needs a medium, which translate high-level language into machine language or machine codes.
As a computer programmer has used to translator for translation of High Level Language. As each High level language has a translator, which convert high level language program into machine codes, and find error in program and then after debugging run the program output.

There are three types of translator are used i.e. INTERPRETER, COMPILER & ASSEMBLER

INTERPRETER

Interpreter is used to translate and executes a program written in a high level language. Interpreter translates statements of the program line by line, translation begins from start and stop at the end of program. If found any error in program line stop the translating process, and display the error, after removing the error, then translating begin from start, as we say interpreter is slow compare to compiler. Interpreter is used in BASIC, Visual-Basic, FoxPro etc.



COMPILER

It is also a type of translator is used to convert High Level Language into Machine Codes. This conversion is called compilation. Compiler reads whole program at once, if found any error in the program, display the errors at the end of compilation other wise display the output of the program. Compiler is used in C / C ++, COBOL etc.


ASSEMBLER

Assembler is also a type of translator that used to translate Assembly Language into Machine codes.